Caligula opened with popular reforms—amnesties, tax relief, transparency—but after a severe illness turned to theatrical provocations, fiscal exactions, and ritual self‑cult, alienating elites and Praetorians and prompting his assassination: coercive strategy over madness.
Discover the revolutionary composition and durability secrets of Roman concrete that have allowed ancient structures to stand for millennia while modern buildings crumble in decades.
Discover how ancient Roman engineers created structures that have outlasted modern buildings by centuries using ingenious techniques that today's architects still struggle to replicate.
