Julius Caesar: military genius, politician, and reformer whose Rubicon, affair with Cleopatra, and assassination on the Ides of March reshaped Rome and Western history.
Caius Marius transformed Rome’s legions in 107 BCE: recruiting the poor, standardizing arms, creating cohorts and the eagle standard—paving the path to empire and civil war.
Explore the political dynamics of the Roman Republic, highlighting the roles of Cicero and Julius Caesar in the struggle between Republicanism and autocracy, which ultimately transformed Roman governance.
