Augustus’s role as princeps blended republican forms with imperial power, preserving legitimacy while centralizing authority — the Principate’s defining paradox.
Caligula opened with popular reforms—amnesties, tax relief, transparency—but after a severe illness turned to theatrical provocations, fiscal exactions, and ritual self‑cult, alienating elites and Praetorians and prompting his assassination: coercive strategy over madness.
Discover the forgotten constitutional mechanisms that powered Rome's 500-year republic and continue to influence modern governance. Learn how the balance between patricians and plebeians created a remarkable system of checks and balances that modern democracies still emulate today.