Augustus’s role as princeps blended republican forms with imperial power, preserving legitimacy while centralizing authority — the Principate’s defining paradox.
From Augustus to Constantine, the Praetorian Guard evolved from imperial protectors into kingmakers—policing Rome and wielding military force to decide succession.
The Roman Senate: how SPQR, auctoritas vs. imperium, and figures from Cato to Cicero and Caesar shaped the Republic, its fall, and the Senate’s lasting legacy.
