Caligula opened with popular reforms—amnesties, tax relief, transparency—but after a severe illness turned to theatrical provocations, fiscal exactions, and ritual self‑cult, alienating elites and Praetorians and prompting his assassination: coercive strategy over madness.
Julius Caesar: military genius, politician, and reformer whose Rubicon, affair with Cleopatra, and assassination on the Ides of March reshaped Rome and Western history.
Discover how Roman emperors mastered public opinion through five sophisticated propaganda techniques that continue to shape political communication today—from Augustus's image manipulation to modern campaign strategies.
Explore the political dynamics of the Roman Republic, highlighting the roles of Cicero and Julius Caesar in the struggle between Republicanism and autocracy, which ultimately transformed Roman governance.